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Sponge contributions to the geology and biology of reefs: past, present, and future
Wulff, J.L. (2016). Sponge contributions to the geology and biology of reefs: past, present, and future, in: Hubbard, D. et al. Coral reefs at the crossroads. Coral Reefs of the World, 6: pp. 103-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7567-0_5
In: Coral Reefs of the World. Springer: Dordrecht. ISSN 2213-719X
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| Trefwoorden |
Animal products > Sponges
Marien/Kust |
| Author keywords |
Reef-building; Reef restoration and repair; Water column filtering; Positive ecosystem roles of sponges on coral reefs |
| Abstract |
Histories of sponges and reefs have been intertwined from the beginning. Paleozoic and Mesozoic sponges generated solid building blocks, and constructed reefs in collaboration with microbes and other encrusting organisms. During the Cenozoic, sponges on reefs have assumed various accessory geological roles, including adhering living corals to the reef frame, protecting solid biogenic carbonate from bioeroders, generating sediment and weakening corals by eroding solid substrate, and consolidating loose rubble to facilitate coral recruitment and reef recovery after physical disturbance. These many influences of sponges on substratum stability, and on coral survival and recruitment, blur distinctions between geological vs. biological roles.Biological roles of sponges on modern reefs include highly efficient filtering of bacteria-sized plankton from the water column, harboring of hundreds of species of animal and plant symbionts, influencing seawater chemistry in conjunction with their diverse microbial symbionts, and serving as food for charismatic megafauna. Sponges may have been playing these roles for hundreds of millions of years, but the meager fossil record of soft-bodied sponges impedes historical analysis.Sponges are masters of intrigue. They play roles that cannot be observed directly and then vanish without a trace, thereby thwarting understanding of their roles in the absence of carefully controlled manipulative experiments and time-series observations. Sponges are more heterogeneous than corals in their ecological requirements and vulnerabilities. Serious misinterpretations have resulted from over-generalizing from a few conspicuous species to the thousands of coral-reef sponge species, representing over twenty orders in three classes, and a great variety of body plans and relationships to corals and solid carbonate substrata.Dynamics of living sponges are difficult to document because most sponges heal after partial mortality and vanish quickly after death. Thus observations of localized increases or overgrowths of corals by a few unusual sponge species have led to recent assertions that sponges are in the process of overwhelming coral reefs. However, a consistent pattern of high mortality in the few long-term census studies done on full assemblages suggests that, perhaps for the first time in their long history, sponges may actually be unable to keep up with changes in the sea. Diminished sponge populations could have profound consequences, many of them negative, for corals and coral reefs. |
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