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Large anomalies in lower stratospheric water vapour and ice during the 2015–2016 El Niño
Avery, M.A.; Davis, S.M.; Rosenlof, K.H.; Ye, H.; Dessler, A.E. (2017). Large anomalies in lower stratospheric water vapour and ice during the 2015–2016 El Niño. Nature Geoscience 10(6): 405-409. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2961
In: Nature Geoscience. Nature Publishing Group: London. ISSN 1752-0894; e-ISSN 1752-0908
Peer reviewed article  
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  • Avery, M.A.
  • Davis, S.M.
  • Rosenlof, K.H.
  • Ye, H.
  • Dessler, A.E.
Abstract
    The strong and unusual El Niño of 2015–2016 produced a remarkable perturbation to the hydrologic budget of the tropical tropopause layer (14–19 km). This region regulates stratospheric water vapour, which has a direct radiative impact on surface temperatures. To first order, the coldest tropical tropopause temperature regulates the amount of water vapour entering the stratosphere by controlling the amount of dehydration in the rising air. Here we show that tropical convective cloud ice and associated cirrus sublimating at unusually high altitudes might also have a role in stratospheric hydration. The 2015–2016 El Niño produced decadal record water vapour amounts in the tropical Western Pacific, coincident with warm tropopause temperature anomalies. In the Central Pacific, convective cloud ice was observed 2 km above the anomalously cold tropopause. A trajectory-based dehydration model based on two reanalysis temperature and wind fields can account for only about 0.5–0.6 ppmv of the ~0.9 ppmv tropical lower stratospheric moistening observed during this event. This suggests that unresolved convective dynamics and/or associated sublimation of lofted ice particles also contributed to lower stratospheric moistening. These observations suggest that convective moistening could contribute to future climate change-induced stratospheric water vapour increases.
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