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Effects of ammonia in pulp mill effluents on estuarine phytoplankton assemblages: field descriptive and experimental results
Livingston, R.J.; Prasad, A.K.; Niu, X.; McGlynn, S.E. (2002). Effects of ammonia in pulp mill effluents on estuarine phytoplankton assemblages: field descriptive and experimental results. Aquat. Bot. 74(4): 343-367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3770(02)00150-x
In: Aquatic Botany. Elsevier Science: Tokyo; Oxford; New York; London; Amsterdam. ISSN 0304-3770; e-ISSN 1879-1522
|   |
| Trefwoorden |
Aquatic communities > Plankton > Phytoplankton
Attenuation > Light attenuation
Chemical compounds > Nitrogen compounds > Ammonia
Environmental factors > Anthropogenic factors
Mesocosms
Microcosms
Transmission > Light transmission
USA, Florida, Amelia R.
Wastes > Effluents
Water bodies > Coastal waters > Coastal landforms > Coastal inlets > Estuaries
Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve, 1873 [WoRMS]
Marien/Kust |
| Author keywords |
phytoplankton; zooplankton; pulp mill; high salinity estuaries; ammonia;light transmission |
| Auteurs | | Top |
- Livingston, R.J.
- Prasad, A.K.
- Niu, X.
- McGlynn, S.E.
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| Abstract |
A field descriptive and field/laboratory experimental program was carried out to evaluate the effects of ammonia (NH3) discharged by a pulp mill on estuarine plankton. Field data indicated that ammonia concentrations in the receiving system (Amelia Estuary; range, 0.19-0.43 mg l-1) were significantly higher than those taken in the reference system (Nassau Estuary; range, 0.09-0.11 mg 1-1). Significantly reduced chlorophyll alpha concentrations were noted in the Amelia system, and these varied inversely with ammonia concentrations. There were periodic reductions of light transmission in areas affected by mill effluents and in upper areas of both estuaries due to postulated urban storm water runoff. Field surveys indicated that whole water and net phytoplankton numbers and species richness were significantly lower in the Amelia system. Zooplankton numbers were significantly lower at various Amelia stations, whereas there were no significant differences in zooplankton species richness between the two study areas. The field results indicated that the most likely system-wide differences of water quality that could account for the noted biological responses were the relatively high ammonia concentrations in the Amelia system. Field ammonia levels in the Amelia system were significantly associated with observed impairment of key indices of phytoplankton assemblages in areas affected by mill discharges, especially during summer periods of maximal impact. Laboratory microcosm experiments with Skeletonema costatum indicated adverse effects of ammonia on chlorophyll indicators. Microcosm results indicated that ammonia had a stimulatory effect on S. costatum at mean concentrations of 0.06 mg l-1 with initial adverse effects of ammonia within a range of 0.1-0.24 mg l-1 and major effects at concentrations >0.46 mg l-1. Mesocosm experiments with ammonia indicated stimulatory effects from 0.11 to 0.14 mg l-1 with inhibition of phytoplankton growth at 0.20 mg l-1. The difference between stimulatory effects and inhibition of ammonia on S. costatum and phytoplankton assemblages was relatively small. Microcosm and mesocosm experiments with pulp mill effluents resulted in a broad range of responses to ambient ammonia concentrations indicating undetermined interactions of the effects of ammonia with other components of the effluents. Within the context of the noted ranges of impacts in both the field and the laboratory, it was suggested that long-term average ammonia concentrations in the Amelia River-estuary at the outfall station should not exceed 0.11 mg l-1 with short-term concentrations not exceeding 0.20 mg l-1. The pulp mill in the Amelia River-estuarine system has undertaken a restoration program based on these ammonia limits. |
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