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The ecology of Saldidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) inhabiting a salt marsh, with observations on the evolution of aquatic habits in insects
Brown, E.S. (1948). The ecology of Saldidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) inhabiting a salt marsh, with observations on the evolution of aquatic habits in insects. J. Anim. Ecol. 17(2): 180-188
In: Journal of Animal Ecology. Blackwell Science/British Ecological Society: Oxford. ISSN 0021-8790; e-ISSN 1365-2656
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| Abstract |
In an estuarine salt marsh at Nether Hall, on the southern shore of the estuary of the River Stour, there is a zoning of species of Saldidae in the intertidal area and slightly above it. Halosalda lateralis (Fall.) occurs on drier ground just above the high-tide mark; Saldula pallipes (Fab.) on the other hand, while also occurring at and above high-tide mark, extended far down into the intertidal zone, where Halosalda lateralis did not penetrate. There was, in addition, a clear zoning of adults and nymphs of Saldula pallipes, in that the latter tended to occur on the lower levels of the beach in far greater numbers. The zoning of these insects may be therefore represented as follows: [Note: see the image of 187 for this formatted text] Halosalda lateralis Saldula pallipes adults Saldula pallipes nymphs. There was, of course, a certain amount of overlapping, as can be seen from Tables 1 and 2. Saldula pilosella (Thoms.) also occurred in this and other habitats in the district, together with the other two species, but in insufficient numbers to provide any reliable conclusion as to the level it normally occupies in tidal areas. Such evidence as was available from other localities was in agreement with these conclusions. 2. It was found that, at high tide, both adults and nymphs (especially the latter) of S. pallipes remained at the lower levels and were submerged by the rising tide, instead of retreating before it. 3. Laboratory experiments involving enforced submergence showed that S. pallipes was able to withstand submergence in a more or less inactive state for long periods without suffering permanent harm, and its performance in this respect was superior to that of Halosalda lateralis. The results were in accordance with what one would expect from the distribution of the two species in their natural habitat. 4. The probability that Saldula pallipes is a species in the fore-front of an evolutionary tendency towards colonization of the water from the land is discussed. Two factors apparently limit the extent of the colonization of the intertidal zone; first, the period of time for which the Saldidae can withstand submergence; and secondly, the period of activity and feeding, which is apparently (but not certainly) limited to the duration of exposure at low tide, and would become shorter and shorter as the insects penetrate farther down the beach. |
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