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A vector analysis of marine ornamental species in California
Williams, S.; Crafton, E.; Fontana, R.; Grosholz, E.; Ha, G.; Pasari, J.; Zabin, C. (2015). A vector analysis of marine ornamental species in California. Manag. Biol. Inv. 6(1): 13-29. https://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2015.6.1.02
In: Management of Biological Invasions. Regional Euro-Asian Biological Invasions Centre (REABIC): Helsinki. ISSN 1989-8649; e-ISSN 1989-8649
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| Trefwoord |
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| Author keywords |
invasive, marine, ornamental, aquarium, internet commerce, vector |
| Auteurs | | Top |
- Williams, S.
- Crafton, E.
- Fontana, R.
- Grosholz, E.
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- Ha, G.
- Pasari, J.
- Zabin, C.
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| Abstract |
The trade in marine and estuarine ornamental species has resulted in the introductions of some of the world’s worst invasive species, including the seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia and the lionfish Pterois volitans. We conducted an analysis of the historical introductions and establishments of marine and estuarine ornamental species in California using a database (‘NEMESIS’) and the contemporary fluxes (quantities, taxa) based on government records, direct observations of aquarium-bound shipments, and internet commerce. California is the major port of entry of marine ornamental species in the United States, which is the major global importing country. The vector was considered possibly responsible for twelve species between 1853–2011, nine of which successfully established, including Caulerpa taxifolia (Mediterranean invasive strain). The flux of imported ornamental species was over 11 million individual animals in 2009 and included 37 taxa from at least six temperate countries, although the majority originated from the Indo-Pacific region. Almost 4,000 individuals representing at least 149 species were imported into San Francisco on a single day in 2012. Estimates of imported quantities were probably accurate within an order of magnitude but could be improved with data on interstate shipments and internet commerce. Importations of high concern included P. volitans, live rock, Chromis viridis (green chromis), Cromileptes altivelis (panther or humpback grouper). The low historical establishment rate for ornamental species hypothetically could be explained part by a low release rate or temperature mismatch, but the flux remains high and is a growing concern that could be addressed by heightened public education. |
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