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A critical history of marine protected areas
Humphreys, J.; Clark, R.W.E. (2020). A critical history of marine protected areas, in: Humphreys, J. et al. Marine protected areas: Science, policy and management. pp. 1-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102698-4.00001-0
In: Humphreys, J.; Clark, R.W.E. (Ed.) (2020). Marine protected areas: Science, policy and management. Elsevier: Amsterdam. ISBN 978-0-08-102698-4. xxi, 792 pp. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2017-0-02525-9
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Author keywords
    Aichi Target 11; History of MPAs; Marine Protected Areas; MPAs; MPA Policy
Auteurs  Top 
  • Humphreys, J.
  • Clark, R.W.E.
Abstract
    Although forms of marine protected area (MPA) have existed for the best part of a century, the beginnings of a modern global movement can be traced to the first World Congress on National Parks in 1962. However new impetus was provided by the initiation in 1976 of a process which delivered exclusive rights to sovereign states over adjacent waters up to 200 nm out. The following decades were marked by a growing body of scientific evidence on the utility of MPAs and accelerating MPA designations. After the Rio ‘Earth Summit’ in 1992 a global MPA area target of 10% was established. Failure to achieve this by the 2010 deadline was followed by its replacement with ‘Aichi target 11’ requiring 10% coverage by 2020. Since then a cycle of target ‘gaming’ by sovereign states has necessitated repeated efforts to tighten MPA technical requirements. A technocratically driven dialectical style of international policy development has put increasing emphasis on stronger management and enforcement solutions, without sufficient reflection on the socio-economic factors which lie behind the gaming problem. Proposals to increase the area target to 30% are questionable until such time as a more considered role for MPAs is established within a comprehensive global conservation strategy applying to 100% of the marine environment.
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