The determination of environmental radioactivity requires the use of radiochemistry methods. In this chapter, the principles of radiochemistry are introduced with the aim of understanding the methodology used in the literature for the determination of important environmental radionuclides. Radiochemical methods start, however, with sampling. In fact, sampling, as well as sample transport and storage, are very important components of the procedure for environmental radioactivity quantification. A general description of the different methods used in laboratories is given in the chapter. The different steps in radiochemistry procedures for environmental radionuclide separations are also described, including the determination of the chemical recovery, or yield, of the procedure. The behavior, dynamics, and fate of radionuclides in nature depend on their physical and chemical forms. Speciation studies are also introduced. The general detector efficiency calibration methods are introduced in this chapter, as they are directly connected to the final radioactive source form and, in turn, related to the radiochemical procedure. Analytical quality control is necessary in an environmental radioactivity laboratory. The main principles of analytical quality control practices have been included in the chapter since they are the only way to ensure the quality and reproducibility of the methodology used in laboratories. |
