Catalogus

Deep convection associated with tropical cyclones leads to stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE), which affects the upper-tropospheric ozone concentrations in the vicinity of the cyclones. This study estimates the ozone enhancements over India due to the North Indian Ocean (NIO) cyclones-driven STE. Indicators such as stratospheric fraction and potential vorticity calculated using the reanalysis data sets suggest that roughly 70% of the cyclones show anomalously high stratospheric intrusions. Aircraft observations over different locations across India also show elevated ozone concentrations in the mid-to-upper troposphere on cyclone days. Further, ozone and stratospheric ozone tracer concentrations from Goddard Earth Observing System-Chemistry simulations and the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service reanalysis data sets show up to 40 ppb of excess upper tropospheric ozone over India, of which stratospheric ozone accounts for roughly 60%. Stratospheric intrusion due to the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea cyclones affected the upper tropospheric ozone amounts over North and South India, respectively. The stratospheric ozone was observed to propagate downwards into the troposphere, often reaching ∼600 hPa and, in some cases, even the surface.