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The sustainability conundrum of fishmeal substitution by plant ingredients in shrimp feeds
Malcorps, W.W.; Kok, K.; van‘t Land, M.; Fritz, M.; van Doren, D.; Servin, K.; Van der Heijden, P.; Palmer, R.; Auchterlonie, N.; Rietkerk, M.; Santos, M.J.; Davies, S. (2019). The sustainability conundrum of fishmeal substitution by plant ingredients in shrimp feeds. Sustainability 11(4): 1212. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041212
In: Sustainability. MDPI: Basel. ISSN 2071-1050; e-ISSN 2071-1050, meer
Peer reviewed article  
Beschikbaar in  Auteurs 
Trefwoorden
    Aquaculture
    Resources > Natural resources > Marine resources
Author keywords
    shrimp feed; fishmeal; plant ingredients; estrial resources
Auteurs  Top 
  • Malcorps, W.W.
  • Kok, K.
  • van‘t Land, M., meer
  • Fritz, M.
  • van Doren, D.
  • Servin, K.
  • Van der Heijden, P.
  • Palmer, R.
  • Auchterlonie, N.
  • Rietkerk, M.
  • Santos, M.J.
  • Davies, S.
Abstract
    Aquaculture is central in meeting expanding global demands for shrimp consumption. Consequently, increasing feed use is mainly responsible for the overall environmental impact of aquaculture production. Significant amounts of fishmeal are included in shrimp diets, causing dependency on finite marine resources. Driven by economic incentives, terrestrial plant ingredients are widely viewed as sustainable alternatives. Incremental fishmeal substitution by plant ingredients in shrimp feed was modeled and effects on marine and terrestrial resources such as fish, land, freshwater, nitrogen, and phosphorus were assessed. We find that complete substitution of 20–30% fishmeal totals could lead to increasing demand for freshwater (up to 63%), land (up to 81%), and phosphorus (up to 83%), while other substitution rates lead to proportionally lower impacts. These findings suggest additional pressures on essential agricultural resources with associated socio-economic and environmental effects as a trade-off to pressures on finite marine resources. Even though the production of shrimp feed (or aquafeed in general) utilizes only a small percentage of the global crop production, the findings indicate that the sustainability of substituting fishmeal by plant ingredients should not be taken for granted, especially since aquaculture has been one of the fastest growing food sectors. Therefore, the importance of utilizing by-products and novel ingredients such as microbial biomass, algae, and insect meals in mitigating the use of marine and terrestrial resources is discussed.
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