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Scenario set-up and the new CMIP6-based climate-related forcings provided within the third round of the Inter-Sectoral Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP3b, group I and II) Frieler, K.; Lange, S.; Schewe, J.; Mengel, M.; Treu, S.; Otto, C.; Volkholz, J.; Reyer, C.P.O.; Heinicke, S.; Jones, C.; Blanchard, J.L.; Harrison, C.S.; Petrik, C.M.; Eddy, T.D.; Ortega, K.; Novaglio, C.; Heneghan, R.; Tittensor, D.P.; Maury, O.; Büchner, M.; Vogt, T.; Quesada-Chacon, D.; Emanuel, K.; Lee, C.; Camargo, S.J.; Hamester, L.; Jagermeyr, J.; Rabin, S.; Klar, J.; Vega del Valle, I.D.; Novak, L.; Sauer, I.J.; Lasslop, G.; Chadburn, S.; Burke, E.; Gallego-Sala, A.; Smith, N.; CHANG, J.; Hantson, S.; Burton, C.; Gadeke, A.; Li, F.; Gosling, S.N.; Schmied, H.; Hattermann, F.; Hickler, T.; Marcé, R.; Pierson, D.; Thiery, W.; Mercado-Bettin, D.; Ladwig, R.; Ayala, A.I.; Forrest, M.; Bechtold, M.; Reinecke, R.; De Graaf, I.; Kaplan, J.O.; Koch, A.; Lengaigne, M.; Kumar, R.; Strokal, M. (2026). Scenario set-up and the new CMIP6-based climate-related forcings provided within the third round of the Inter-Sectoral Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP3b, group I and II). Geosci. Model Dev. 19(10): 4095-4135. https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-4095-2026 In: Geoscientific Model Development. Copernicus Publications: Göttingen. ISSN 1991-959X; e-ISSN 1991-9603, meer

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Author keywords

greenhouse-gas concentrations;bias correction;lightning climatology;downwelling longwave;surface;pressure;impact;extensions;radiation;wind

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Auteurs		Top
Frieler, K. Lange, S. Schewe, J. Mengel, M. Treu, S. Otto, C. Volkholz, J. Reyer, C.P.O. Heinicke, S. Jones, C. Blanchard, J.L. Harrison, C.S. Petrik, C.M. Eddy, T.D. Ortega, K. Novaglio, C. Heneghan, R. Tittensor, D.P. Maury, O. Büchner, M. Vogt, T.	Quesada-Chacon, D. Emanuel, K. Lee, C. Camargo, S.J. Hamester, L. Jagermeyr, J. Rabin, S. Klar, J. Vega del Valle, I.D. Novak, L. Sauer, I.J. Lasslop, G. Chadburn, S. Burke, E. Gallego-Sala, A. Smith, N. CHANG, J. Hantson, S. Burton, C. Gadeke, A.	Li, F. Gosling, S.N. Schmied, H. Hattermann, F. Hickler, T. Marcé, R. Pierson, D. Thiery, W., meer Mercado-Bettin, D. Ladwig, R. Ayala, A.I. Forrest, M. Bechtold, M. Reinecke, R. De Graaf, I. Kaplan, J.O. Koch, A. Lengaigne, M. Kumar, R. Strokal, M.

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Abstract

This paper describes the climate-related forcings (CRFs), i.e. change in climate comprising the atmosphere and the ocean, coastal water levels, and atmospheric composition ( CO (2) and methane concentrations), provided as input data within the "b" part of the third simulation round of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP3b). While ISIMIP3a comprises historical impact models simulations forced by observational Direct Human Forcings (DHF), such as changes in population and asset distributions, land use, fishing efforts, agricultural and water management driven by socio-economic development or climate protection strategies, and observational CRF, the ISIMIP3b CRFs are based on climate model simulations generated within the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). In a first set of experiments covering the pre-industrial (1601-1849) and historical period (1850-2014) (ISIMIP3b, group I) the CMIP6-based CRFs for the historical period are combined with historical observation-based DHF also considered in ISIMIP3a. These group I simulations allow for the quantification of impacts of historical climate change by comparison to simulations where the observational DHF are combined with simulated pre-industrial CRFs. In addition, the impacts of observed changes in CRFs can be compared to the impacts of simulated changes in CRFs by comparing the ISIMIP3a simulations to the ISIMIP3b, group I simulations. The second group of experiments (ISIMIP3b, group II) comprises future projections assuming constant observational direct human forcings at 2015 levels to estimate the impact of climate change given today's DHF for the low emission scenario SSP1-2.6, the high and the very high emission scenarios SSP3-7.0, SSP5-8.5, and reference simulations based on pre-industrial CRF, respectively. The very high emissions scenarios and the assumption of fixed present day DHF particularly allow for testing the scalability of impacts in terms of global temperature change. The provided CRFs comprise atmospheric CO (2) and CH 4 concentrations, atmospheric and oceanic climate data, coastal water levels, tropical cyclone (TC) tracks and their associated wind speed and precipitation fields. In addition to the CRFs data, this paper describes the experiments belonging to group I and II and the rationale behind them. Another set of future projections accounting for changing DHFs (ISIMIP3b, group III) is in preparation and will be described in another paper.

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