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Sensitivity to cadmium along a salinity gradient in populations of the periwinkle, Littorina littorea, using time-to-death analysis
De Wolf, H.; Backeljau, T.; Blust, R. (2004). Sensitivity to cadmium along a salinity gradient in populations of the periwinkle, Littorina littorea, using time-to-death analysis. Aquat. Toxicol. 66(3): 241-253. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2003.09.006
In: Aquatic Toxicology. Elsevier Science: Tokyo; New York; London; Amsterdam. ISSN 0166-445X; e-ISSN 1879-1514, meer
Peer reviewed article  
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Trefwoorden
    ANE, Netherlands, Westerschelde
    Chemical elements > Metals > Heavy metals > Cadmium
    Properties > Chemical properties > Salinity
    Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758) [WoRMS]; Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758) [WoRMS]
    Westerschelde [Marine Regions]
    Marien/Kust
Author keywords
    cadmium; Cox proportional hazard model; Littorina littorea; salinity
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Abstract
    In this study, we assessed the combined effect of Cd concentration and salinity, on Cd uptake and mortality rate of Littorina littorea, collected along a salinity and pollution gradient in the Western Scheldt estuary (The Netherlands). Animals kept at their field salinity levels were exposed to three Cd concentrations (i.e. 10, 40 and 320 µM), while animals kept in 10 µM of Cd were subjected to five salinity treatments (i.e. 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35‰). Mortality was recorded every 24 h and Cd body burdens were measured with ICP-AES. Time-to-death data were analysed via Cox proportional hazard models, including the co-variates "site-Cd treatment" in the Cd experiment and "site-salinity treatment" in the salinity experiment. "Cd-treatment" and "field-salinity" affected mortality rates significantly in the Cd experiment, such that the mortality risk increased by 2.3 times when salinity was lowered from 35 to 15‰, while it decreased by 19.7 times when Cd dropped from 320 to 10 µM. "Site" did not significantly affect the mortality risk in the salinity experiment but affected time-to-death via its interaction with the "salinity-treatment". Generally, mortality did not occur at a given threshold Cd tissue level, but changed over time and treatments, in function of the site. The results demonstrate the importance of the animals' environmental history and illustrate the usefulness of time-to-death analyses in ecotoxicological experiments.
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