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Sensitivity of Arctic sea ice to melt pond processes and atmospheric forcing: a model study
Sterlin, J.; Fichefet, T.; Massonnet, F.; Lecomte, O.; Vancoppenolle, M. (2021). Sensitivity of Arctic sea ice to melt pond processes and atmospheric forcing: a model study. Ocean Modelling 167: 15101872. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2021.101872
In: Ocean Modelling. Elsevier: Oxford. ISSN 1463-5003; e-ISSN 1463-5011, meer
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| Author keywords |
Melt ponds; Atmospheric reanalysis and forcing; Sea ice model; Ocean general circulation model; Arctic climate; Albedo |
| Abstract |
Melt ponds are pools of meltwater forming principally on Arctic sea ice during the melt season. The albedo of melt ponds is a key component of the surface energy balance. For this reason, various melt pond schemes have been developed for climate models. These schemes require assumptions on the physical processes governing melt ponds as well as a knowledge of the atmospheric state, which are not perfectly known. In this study, we investigate the effects of the sources of uncertainty from the prescribed atmospheric surface state, the melt pond scheme definition and the refreezing formulation of melt ponds on the simulated Arctic sea ice and melt pond properties with the NEMO-LIM3 ocean-sea ice general circulation model. We find that the simulated melt pond state is largely controlled by the freezing point of melt ponds. The representation of melt ponds is in better agreement with observations when using the freezing point of -0.15°C compared to the value of -2.00°C, in our model set-up. All the simulations feature positive trends in melt pond area fraction over the past decades. However, only 3 out of 8 simulations have significant positive trends in melt pond volume per sea ice area. This suggests an influence of the sea ice state for melt ponds over the last 30 years. Overall, we find that the simulated sea ice state, and in particular sea ice volume, is more affected by changes in the prescribed atmospheric forcing than by changes in the prescribed melt pond scheme or refreezing formulation. Including explicit melt pond schemes in large-scale sea-ice models offer the possibility to improve the representation of the surface energy balance in climate general circulation models. Our results underline that, in parallel to these efforts in model developments, improved estimates of surface atmospheric conditions will be required to achieve more realistic sea ice states. |
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